مجله سامانه های سطوح آبگیر باران
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1393)

River drainage basins، in arid and semi-dry areas especially such as Iran and neighboring countries، has always been central to human settlement and civilization. In many low water regions of Iran، including Khorasan’s western parts، the old people take into account the importance of soil and water resources in their life and make efforts to protect them. The usage of the successful experience in the localization of watershed management will ensure the efficiency of these operations. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of Badsars on the sustainable use of water resources and soil and social systems will be studied too. Sabe Sabzevar watershed with an area of proximately 74. 10835 hectares located in the central desert watershed and in political terms it is located within the city of Sabzevar. Annual average rainfall is 271 mm and maximum monthly rainfall is 57 mm for the month of March and the least rainfall is 1 mm in the Summer. Bandsar diversity in ravine water shed context is 209 which is considerable and has an important role in Water and sediment output. considering the present circumstances during the past years، people made numerous small soil structures (Bandsar). These structures، in addition to income and employment in the region have an important role in controlling sediment. In this study different aspects of these Bandsars have been investigated which in conclusion show the potential of indigenous knowledge for optimum utilization of water resources in arid and semi-arid area and the necessity of considering this knowledge as essential.

Today, knowledge in the field of soil and water in necessary, and due to its good performance and in particular ensuring consistency and maintaining ecological balance, support and participation of the people is important. In recent years, we will need it to access technology and know-how to collect and compile appropriately given the importance of indigenous knowledge. For indigenous knowledge to be able to meet many of the needs of growing communities and sustainable use of limited resources, it will be naturally needed. To achieve the proper knowledge, indigenous knowledge is possible only through a combination of formal knowledge. So in the current situation, it is essential that any action to collect and utilize indigenous knowledge and combine it with modern science be done. Due to climatic constraints, several measures have been carried out on the use of water and soil resources and exploitation of rain in the Hormozgan province, Iran. It is typical Nezoo recharges wells, which are in fact part of a flood management system. It exists as a series of dams and erosion control structures and recharge wells in the Gazir village of Bandar Lengeh. The age of the system is unknown, but it may be more than a hundred years old. However, this system exists in many areas of the plains and in fact, the past of this country's science and technology showcase in conjunction with indigenous knowledge watershed management and rainwater harvesting. In fact, this collection is a unique collection in the province and is rare in Iran. The system has been fully operational until about 50 years ago, according to local resident, but now only a part of it works. Hundreds of years ago, local people have been living in the desert, due to the droughts and geological formations (which indicate that the quality of water is poor) have developed a method that brings water to groundwater aquifers directly. Today, they recharge groundwater using indigenous knowledge and combining it with modern science. The result of this combination has been improved the quantity and quality of groundwater. So that the electrical conductivity of water from has declined from 7000 to 3000 μs /cm over 2 months and water wells downstream are sweeter and they have reinforced the water table.

With the increasing development of cities and changing the agricultural and pasture land use into residential and industrial lands, plus the parallel flood crisis in urban areas, the created changes in infiltration, runoff deviation, evaporation and transpiration lead to abnormal and irregular hydrological behavior of the urban watersheds toward the natural basins. Many factors influence emerging floods and their intensity, and studying them requires more comprehensive research works. For this purpose, in many small watersheds there is a need to select appropriate methods due to the basin conditions and features because of the lack of hydrometric station and many statistical flaws. This research aims to study and assess the peak discharge of flood in Birjand’s watershed. For this purpose, the hydrological method of rainfall- runoff and empirical methods were used. In this article, for zoning the model, the data of 11 hydrometric stations near the studied area were used. Then, the HYFA software was used to obtain proper distribution and calculate the discharge with different return periods in the area; and the maximum discharge amounts of floods in the similar basins without statistics were calculated in different return periods. The results from empirical methods indicate that these methods do not provide acceptable results and are not suitable for the studied stations, while hydrologic model of rainfall-runoff has acceptable results.

Precipitation is one of the most important aerology parameters whose forecasting has significance in the prediction of drought and management of catchment. Today by creating evolutionary algorithms, this is done quickly and more accurately. One of these algorithms is the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm. In this study, using data for 15 years (1996-2010) in three synoptic stations in Kerman, the performance of this algorithm in forecasting daily precipitation is checked. The results show relatively good performance for this algorithm in precipitation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.8605, root mean square error of 1.029 and Willmott index of agreement of 0.96. However, because of the large number of dry days, accumulation of points are located in the origin of the coordinates.

The creation of multipurpose garden trees on a flat land is different from their creation on sloped lands. Therefore, using methods which help eliminate produced runoff on the sloped land is necessary. In this regard, with the purpose of determining the effect of planting olive seedlings on the rectangular micro – catchment system in comparison to common ways of planting seedlings on sloped grounds, we studied the growth parameters on a sloped ground in Azadshahr in the province of Golestan. Growth parameters were measured in two groups and analyzed statistically. The results showed that there is a significant statistical difference between the two groups in these parameters. So much so that the average difference between the growth of collar diameter of seedlings was 2.8 cm, the average difference between their heights was 43.9 cm and the difference between the crown diameters of seedlings was 32.8 cm. The seedlings showed a better growth in the rectangular system.

Lack of fresh water in some areas is a serious crisis. One way to reduce reliance on conventional sources of water is to collect rain water. This paper explores the feasibility of implementing a system to collect rainwater from the roofs of buildings of Birjand University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. The results of the water balance showed that rainwater collection significantly reduces levels of reliance on groundwater extraction even in dry months. The study that tried to collect water from the pavement and the roof of the area under study is compared with the maximum water demand for landscaping. But it can provide about twenty percent of the total needed green space in the whole year. The results showed that rainwater collected can provide about twenty percent of the water needed for green space, each year. This paper increases the policymakers and water resource managers’ attention to the knowledge and solutions regarding the use of water resources in accordance with the environment to prepare the grounds for the required funding and sufficient attention to the plans and policies.

Nowadays, the whole country is overrun by the water crisis. Therefore, rainwater harvesting is desired as an efficient alternative for water supplying. Before the execution of any rainwater harvesting project in rural or urban buildings, we need to prepare a comprehensive manual for designing and optimizing the water reservoirs. In this work, an inclusive plan was designed to study all parts of a rooftop catchment system, i.e. rooftop area, transferring equipments, reservoir and also water quality problem in Golestan province. Finally, a guideline was prepared for designing and optimizing the reservoirs with consideration of social and economic scopes in the study area. The methodology was based on the field surveying and questionnaire filling in 12 selected sites in Golestan province. Then, each site was hydrological simulated and reservoirs’ volumes were optimized based on the mass diagram approach. Water quality monitoring was carried out, as well. Finally, technical report was prepared and split into 7 parts including “introduction”, “literature review”, “study area”, “hydrological simulation and optimization”, “water quality”, “guideline” and “conclusion”.